1. Arousal and sleep circuits - PMC - NCBI
The principal neurons of the arousal and sleep circuits are comprised by glutamate and GABA neurons, which are distributed within the reticular core of the ...
The principal neurons of the arousal and sleep circuits are comprised by glutamate and GABA neurons, which are distributed within the reticular core of the brain and, through local and distant projections and interactions, regulate cortical activity and ...
2. Neurophysiology of Sleep and Wakefulness: Basic Science ... - NCBI
Key cell populations of the ascending arousal pathway include cholinergic, noradrenergic, serotoninergic, dopaminergic, and histaminergic neurons located in the ...
Increased attention to the prevalence of excessive sleepiness has led to a clear need to treat this symptom, thus reinforcing the need for a greater understanding of the neurobiology of sleep and wakefulness. Although the physiological mechanisms of sleep ...
3. Distinct astrocytic modulatory roles in sensory transmission during sleep ...
Apr 17, 2023 · However, it needs to be emphasized that the two types of astrocytic Ca2+ signaling during the sleep state and during the arousal states have not ...
Despite extensive research on astrocytic Ca2+ in synaptic transmission, its contribution to the modulation of sensory transmission during different brain states remains largely unknown. Here, by using two-photon microscopy and whole-cell recordings, we show two distinct astrocytic Ca2+ signals in the murine barrel cortex: a small, long-lasting Ca2+ increase during sleep and a large, widespread but short-lasting Ca2+ spike when aroused. The large Ca2+ wave in aroused mice was inositol trisphosphate (IP3)-dependent, evoked by the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system, and enhanced sensory input, contributing to reliable sensory transmission. However, the small Ca2+ transient was IP3-independent and contributed to decreased extracellular K+, hyperpolarization of the neurons, and suppression of sensory transmission. These events respond to different pharmacological inputs and contribute to distinct sleep and arousal functions by modulating the efficacy of sensory transmission. Together, our data demonstrate an important function for astrocytes in sleep and arousal states via astrocytic Ca2+ waves. The contribution of astrocytic Ca2+ signaling to the modulation of sensory transmission in different brain states remains largely unknown. Here, the authors show two types of Ca2+ signals in the mouse barrel cortex with distinct function in sensory transmission during sleep and arousal states.
4. Autonomic Nervous System: What It Is, Function & Disorders
Jun 15, 2022 · Your autonomic nervous system breaks down into three divisions, each with its own job: ... Glial (pronounced “glee-uhl”) cells do several ...
Your autonomic nervous system is a network of nerves that handle unconscious tasks like heartbeat and breathing. It’s a key part of your body’s survival processes.
5. A Review of Methods for Sleep Arousal Detection Using ... - MDPI
Finally, based on this dataset, they proposed a method with a set of decisional rules based on spectral feature of EEG signals to find the start and end of ...
Multiple types of sleep arousal account for a large proportion of the causes of sleep disorders. The detection of sleep arousals is very important for diagnosing sleep disorders and reducing the risk of further complications including heart disease and cognitive impairment. Sleep arousal scoring is manually completed by sleep experts by checking the recordings of several periods of sleep polysomnography (PSG), which is a time-consuming and tedious work. Therefore, the development of efficient, fast, and reliable automatic sleep arousal detection system from PSG may provide powerful help for clinicians. This paper reviews the automatic arousal detection methods in recent years, which are based on statistical rules and deep learning methods. For statistical detection methods, three important processes are typically involved, including preprocessing, feature extraction and classifier selection. For deep learning methods, different models are discussed by now, including convolution neural network (CNN), recurrent neural network (RNN), long-term and short-term memory neural network (LSTM), residual neural network (ResNet), and the combinations of these neural networks. The prediction results of these neural network models are close to the judgments of human experts, and these methods have shown robust generalization capabilities on different data sets. Therefore, we conclude that the deep neural network will be the main research method of automatic arousal detection in the future.
6. Sleep Neurobiology from a Clinical Perspective - Oxford Academic
Most of these ascending arousal systems diffusely activate the cortex and other forebrain targets. NREM sleep is mainly driven by neurons in the preoptic area ...
Abstract. Many neurochemical systems interact to generate wakefulness and sleep. Wakefulness is promoted by neurons in the pons, midbrain, and posterior hypotha
7. Arousal and Locomotion Differently Modulate Activity of Somatostatin ...
May 11, 2023 · ... regions to match different arousal-related demands on local computation. We examined the effects of arousal state on activity in SOM and Non ...
Arousal powerfully influences cortical activity, in part by modulating local inhibitory circuits. Somatostatin (SOM)-expressing inhibitory interneurons are particularly well situated to shape local population activity in response to shifts in arousal, yet the relationship between arousal state and SOM activity has not been characterized outside of sensory cortex. To determine whether SOM activity is similarly modulated by behavioral state across different levels of the cortical processing hierarchy, we compared the behavioral modulation of SOM-expressing neurons in auditory cortex (AC), a primary sensory region, and posterior parietal cortex (PPC), an association-level region of cortex, in mice. Behavioral state modulated activity differently in AC and PPC. In PPC, transitions to high arousal were accompanied by large increases in activity across the full PPC neural population, especially in SOM neurons. In AC, arousal transitions led to more subtle changes in overall activity, as individual SOM and Non-SOM neurons could be either positively or negatively modulated during transitions to high arousal states. The coding of sensory information in population activity was enhanced during periods of high arousal in AC, but not in PPC. Our findings suggest unique relationships between activity in local circuits and arousal across cortex, which may be tailored to the roles of specific cortical regions in sensory processing or the control of behavior.
8. Blue light insertion at night is involved in sleep and arousal-promoting ...
... regions through the emerging visual sense of bipolar cells and optic ganglion cells. ... Another group presented that white light that was filtered through the ...
Abstract. Light plays a direct crucial role in the switch between sleep and arousal and the regulation of physiology and behaviour, such as circadian rhythms and emotional change. Artificial lights, which are different from natural light sources with a continuous light spectrum, are composed of three single-colour lights and are increasingly applied in modern society. However, in vivo research on the mechanisms of blue light-regulated sleep and arousal is still insufficient. In this work, we detected the effects of inserting white or blue light for 1 h during the dark period on the wheel-running activity and sucrose preference of C57 mice. The results showed that blue light could induce delays in sleep and arousal-promoting responses. Furthermore, this lighting pattern, including blue light alone, induced depressive-like emotions. The c-fos expression in the blue light group was significantly higher in the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus (Arc) and significantly lower in the cingulate cortex (Cg) and anterior part of the paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVA) than in the white light group. Compared with the white light group, the phospho-ERK expression in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) and PVA was lower in the blue light group. These molecular changes indicated that certain brain regions are involved in blue light-induced response processes. This study may provide useful information to explore the specific mechanism of special light-regulated physiological function.
9. An electrophysiological marker of arousal level in humans | eLife
Jul 28, 2020 · While previous studies that included lower frequency power in their slope estimates, found the slope of REM to be close to wakefulness (He et al ...
Electroencephalogram (EEG for short) is a widespread technique that helps to monitor the electrical activity of the brain. In particular, it can be used to examine, recognize and compare different states of brain consciousness such as sleep, wakefulness or general anesthesia. Yet, during rapid eye movement sleep (the sleep phase in which dreaming occurs), the electrical activity of the brain is similar to the one recorded during wakefulness, making it difficult to distinguish these states based on EEG alone. EEG records brain activity in the shape of rhythmic waves whose frequency, shape and amplitude vary depending on the state of consciousness. In the EEG signal from the human brain, the higher frequency waves are weaker than the low-frequency waves: a measure known as spectral slope reflects the degree of this difference in the signal strength. Previous research suggests that spectral slope can be used to distinguish wakefulness from anesthesia and non-REM sleep. Here, Lendner et al. explored whether certain elements of the spectral slope could also discern wakefulness from all states of reduced arousal. EEG readings were taken from patients and volunteers who were awake, asleep or under anesthesia, using electrodes placed either on the scalp or into the brain. Lendner et al. found that the spectral slope could distinguish wakefulness from anesthesia, deep non-REM and REM sleep. The changes in the spectral slope during sleep could accurately track the degree of arousal with great temporal precision and across a wide range of time scales. This method means that states of consciousness can be spotted just from a scalp EEG. In the future, this approach could be embedded into the techniques used for monitoring sleep or anesthesia during operations; it could also be harnessed to monitor other low-response states, such as comas.
10. [PDF] Chronic Sleep Deprivation
firing of different dopamine cell groups and presynaptic control of release in ... Other cholinergic cells in lateral pontine regions discharge in bursts ...
11. [PDF] Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
Other cholinergic cells in lateral pontine regions discharge in bursts ... coeruleus and other facilitatory cell groups.135 Cells that are maximally active ...
12. Neurotransmitters: Functions, Types, Potential Problems - Verywell Mind
Mar 29, 2023 · Sometimes neurotransmitters can bind to receptors and cause an electrical signal to be transmitted down the cell (excitatory). In other cases, ...
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers. Learn how neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine work, their different types, and why they are so important.
13. The Locus Coeruleus- Norepinephrine System in Stress ... - Frontiers
Dec 14, 2020 · Because the broader fields of cognitive psychology and neurobiology have historically advanced our understanding of arousal, primarily ...
Arousal may be understood on a spectrum, with excessive sleepiness, cognitive dysfunction, and inattention on one side, a wakeful state in the middle, and hypervigilance, panic, and psychosis on the other side. However, historically, the concepts of arousal and stress have been challenging to define as measurable experimental variables. Divergent efforts to study these subjects have given rise to several disciplines, including neurobiology, neuroendocrinology, and cognitive neuroscience. We discuss technological advancements that chronologically led to our current understanding of the arousal system, focusing on the multifaceted nucleus locus coeruleus. We share our contemporary perspective and the hypotheses of others in the context of our current technological capabilities and future developments that will be required to move forward in this area of research.
14. How Marijuana Highjacks Your Brain To Give You The Munchies - NPR
Feb 18, 2015 · This cluster, called the POMC neurons, is in the hypothalamus, a region of the brain that scientists typically associate with base instincts ...
Where there's pot, there's often an insatiable hunger. Now researchers have a big clue why: Cannabinoids, the drug in marijuana, appear to flip a neural circuit that normally tells us we're full.